SOCIAL LIBERTARIANISM – The Ideology of Progressive Freedom

Social Libertarianism is one of the six core political ideologies on the Map My Politics ideology chart, occupying the area below the centrist zone and to the left of the libertarian zone. The ideology extends considerably on the conventional left-right continuum, spanning between an orientation towards the free market and a more mixed economy. But social libertarians uniformly place tremendous value on personal liberty, again proving the utility of a two-axis chart.

In terms of economic liberty, social libertarians value the free enterprise system, but they are more broadminded about moderating certain aspects of it, as compared to conservatives or their libertarian namesakes. For example, social libertarians do not view natural resources as a private good to be consumed without regulation, so they are much more prone to advocate for environmental restrictions. Another issue commonly supported by social libertarians is universal basic income, which combines an embrace of market economics with a social safety net. At the more leftward extreme of the social libertarian ideology, a concern for inequality and social justice can rival that of liberalism; such social libertarians sometimes self-identify as “bleeding heart libertarians” – or are mocked by right-leaning libertarians the same way. Many ideologies on the Map May Politics chart have a divergence along a particular axis, however. What connects the adherents in a unifying ideological principle, which in the case of social libertarians is the merit of a mixed market economy.

Regarding the y-axis of social liberty, social libertarians are fully supportive of a classically liberal approach towards civil liberties. Indeed, many social libertarians came of age during the online digital era and embrace a virtually absolutist approach to free speech – no pun intended. Such social libertarians consider it an article of faith that one’s personal behavior and lifestyle choices are largely off-limits from societal control, whether in matters of sexuality, religious belief, or recreational drug use. This embrace of social liberty means that social libertarians typically oppose any bans on hate speech or obscenity, even if they might not personally condone such behavior, endorse same-sex marriage and support Internet-related freedoms such as net neutrality and digital privacy.

The roots of social libertarianism can be traced to the same Enlightenment philosophers who influenced libertarianism but also include more modern thinkers who have expanded on the notion of liberty in the modern age. For example, Isaiah Berlin’s groundbreaking 1958 essay, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” has proved enormously influential among social libertarians. Berlin, a British public intellectual who taught at Oxford, distinguished between what he called positive and negative liberty in his essay. Negative liberty is the freedom from interference, while positive liberty is what we are free to actually do, and these different conceptions of liberty, while equally valid, often come into conflict in public policy. Other philosophers who have advanced left-libertarian thinking include Hillel Steiner, Philippe Van Parijs and Peter Vallentyne.

Because the United States is – for the most part – a two-party system, social libertarians have sometimes had a difficult time finding a good fit within either the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, so they often self-identify as independent, or pay more particular attention to individual candidates and party platforms rather than voting along party lines. Prominent American social libertarian politicians have included Mike Gravel, Jared Polis, Ron Wyden, and Andrew Yang. Important American social libertarian thinkers and writers have included Camille Paglia, Matt Zwolinski and Arianna Huffington.

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